Update your geek knowledge, Video Editing terminology

This post contains terminologies and their definitions related to Video Editing in a Computer. For details, you are suggested to google them. The definitions are adapted from Nero 9. If you are looking for Disc Burning terminology, visit this post.

AVCHD
The Advanced Video High Definition is a new file format for HD captures on DVD, memory
card or hard drive. Especially new camera modules use high-resolution formats that capture
AVCHD in various variants (e.g. 1920x1080i or 1080p). The video material is compressed
with the MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 codec. Audio is saved in AC3 (Adaptive Transform Coder 3)
format or for the standard NTSC and PAL formats in Linear PCM format.

Bit rate
Bit rate refers to the amount of data (binary digits) that is transmitted within a time unit (generally
1 second), i.e. in bits/s. The higher the bit rate, the better the image quality.

Blu-ray
Blu-ray technology refers to burning on special data carriers. In comparison to DVD's, which
use a red laser in order to read and write data, Blu-ray discs are written with a blue laser.
The shorter wavelength (405 nm) of this blue laser makes it possible to position the laser
with greater accuracy. Data can be written in a more compact manner and takes up less
space on the disc. A Blu-ray disc can store up to 25 GB on a single layer disc and up to 50
GB on a dual layer disc.

Book Type
The book type defines the specification (e.g. DVD-, DVD+, DVD-ROM) of a DVD. In order to
ensure correct playback, the DVD specifications are defined in books so that all media can
be read correctly. The specifications are defined in the so-called Rainbow Books, which are
distinguished by means of their color (e.g. Yellow Book).

Capturing
The capturing depicts the transmission of, e.g. audio or video data in their original quality on
the computer. Here the data can then be further edited.

Digital TV Card
With a digital TV card, digitally transmitted content can be received. Digital TV signals are
compared to analog signals by their higher quality,

Disc format
Disc format defines the the format in which the data is organized on a disc. For example, the
disc format DVD-VR is only supported by and can only be used with DVD-RW and DVDRAM
discs. For example, Video CD (VCD), Super Video CD (SVCD), miniDVD and (if supGlossary
ported) HD-BURN can be burned to CD-R and CD-RW disc formats. The technical options
available, such as subtitle or multiple sound tracks, are a factor of the disc format.

Disc type
Disc type refers to different optical storage media with different specifications. The best
known are CD's and DVD's that can be written to once or multiple times, and which are manufactured
with different storage capacities.

Dual
The Dolby Digital compression procedure is a multi-channel sound system that is used on
DVDs, in cinemas.and on TV. It supports bit rates of 32 kbits/s to 448 kbits/s and permits a
high grade sound reproduction over up to 6 channels.

Dual tuner card
If you wish to simultaneously see a TV channel and wish to capture another one, then a second
tuner must be integrated in the TV card.

DVD+VR
The DVD+Video format recording (video mode) is a particular variant of the DVD-Video offering
three possibilities missing on DVD-Video: 1) On-the-fly capture of videos on the disc in
real time is possible. 2)The data on the disc can later be edited and altered. 3) More video
titles can be added if space is still available on the disc. This means that a DVD+VR is similar
to a video cassette, but of a far superior quality. Once the disc has been finalized, the
DVD+VFR format is essentially compatible with DVD-Video and can be played in most DVD
players. The storage capacity doubles for burning to a DVD+R DL disc as does the space for
the DVD+VR.

DVD-VFR
The DVD-Video format recording (video mode) is a particular variant of the DVD-Video offering
three possibilities missing on DVD-Video: 1) On-the-fly capture of videos on the disc in
real time is possible. 2) the data on the disc can subsequently be edited and changed. 3)
More video titles can be added if space is still available on the disc. This means that a DVDVFR
(video mode) is similar to a video cassette, but of a far superior quality. DVD-VFR (video
mode) allows you to create menus like DVD-Video, although without chapter menus and
playlists. A DVD-VFR is compatible with DVD-Video as far as possible after finalizing the
disc and can be played back on most DVD players.

DVD-Video
The DVD-Video disc format uses the MPEG-2 video codec for compressing video files onto
a DVD. This compression allows a 4.38 GB DVD-R/-RW/+R/+RW to hold up to 135 minutes
of video with significantly higher quality than that achieved with a VHS video or with a video
CD. The disc can be played on most DVD players, which means, for example, that you can
store home videos with very high quality. Computer DVD drives with appropriate software
can also play DVD-Video. A DVD-DL disc (DL = double layer) doubles the storage capacity
of a disc and, as a result, the space for a DVD-Video.

DVD-VR
The DVD video recording is a particular variant of the format of the DVD-Video, which offers
three possibilities that are missing on the DVD-Video: 1) the direct capturing of videos on the
disc is possible in real-time. 2) The data on the disc can subsequently be edited and changed.
3) If there is place still available on the disc, then further video titles can be added. This
means that a DVD-VR is similar to a video cassette, but of a far superior quality. The DVDVR
is specifically designed for capturing directly to disc. A graphics menu is not supported,
but playlists are created instead. Furthermore, the sound track cannot be changed, i.e. it is
not possible to edit or add to the existing track. DVD-VR is not compatible with DVD-Video
and can only be played on special DVD players.

FireWire
FireWire is an interface for the transfer of data at high speed; it was developed for hardware
such as camcorders or hard drives. The serial high-speed bus allows for transfers of 100 to
400 Mbit/s in the so-called IEEE 1394a or FireWire 400 standard and up to 3.20 Mbit/s in the
so-called IEEE 1394b or FireWire 800 standard.

Frame Rate
The frame rate denotes the number of pictures, which are shown per second. The unit is fps
(frames per second). The higher the relationship the more fluid the movements become.

Hybrid tuner card
A hybrid tuner card provides the possibility of receiving TV signals digital terrestrially as well
as analog via cable.

LPCM
The Linear Pulse Code Modulation permits the loss-free capture of digitally coded analog
signals. This technology makes possible the saving of up to 8 channels in different sampling
rates and sampling depths on a single DVD.

MPEG-1
The Moving Picture Experts Group defined this industry standard for video and audio codecs.
MPEG-1 is part of the MPEG compression family and has the highest compression rate.
MPEG-1 is the format for video CDs.

MPEG-2
The Moving Picture Experts Group defined this industry standard for video and audio codecs.
There is little difference between MPEG-1 and MPEG-2: MPEG-2 is a broadcast standard
and better for televisions that are interlaced. MPEG-2 is used as a video format for
DVDs.

MPEG-4
The Moving Picture Experts Group defined this industry standard for video and audio codecs.
MPEG-4 is the latest MPEG standard for video and audio. MPEG-4 combines several
functions from MPEG-1, MPEG-2 and other standards. Nero Digital™ Video and Nero Digital
™ Audio are based on this standard.

Nero Digital
Various MPEG-4 video and audio codecs are collated in Nero Digital and are fully compatible
with the standard MPEG-4. Nero AG is continuing to develop these. In this way a substantially
higher quality of the multi-media data is achieved. Further, additional features such
as subtitles have been implemented.

NTSC
The national television system Committee Standard is a standard for video and TV in the
USA and Japan. NTSC has more individual frames (29.97 frames per second) than PAL, but
has fewer horizontal lines (525 lines).

PAL
The Phase Alternation Line procedure is the TV standard applicable for Europe. PAL possesses
625 lines per screen and the film transmission speed is 25 pictures per second. These
are transmitted in the so-called line-jump procedure where a picture with all the odd lines
and then a picture with all the even lines are created. This corresponds to a half-picture frequency
of 50 Hz.

SmartEncoding
SmartEncoding checks whether your contents are compatible with the respective formats or
are coded into the respective format. This saves time so that coding of the formats can be
dispensed with. The file is not converted only "packed differently". Thus, the contents maintain
their original quality.

Super resolution
The interpolation with super resolution algorithms permits an increase of resolution in picture
and video material. Thus, for instance, old DVDs can be converted to HD material. The increase
in resolution is the result, among others of information on previous and following pictures.

TWAIN
TWAIN is a standard for the exchange of data between a picture input device such as a
scanner and a software for purposes of further editing.

VBR
Material encoded with a variable bit rate (variable data rate) generally provides a better quality
in contrast to normal saving of audio or video files with a fixed bit rate (CBR, Constant Bit
Rate). With a variable data rate individual time sections can be coded with differently customized
data rates. Movement area scenes in videos are stored with a higher data rate than
stationary pictures. Strongly moving scenes thus require more storage space that can be saved
with less mobile scenes.

VCD
The Video Compact Disc saves movies and audio/video data in MPEG-1 format. In doing so,
the video quality from a VCD is similar to a VHS video. VCDs can store up to 74 minutes of
video material including stereo sound on a 650 MB disc. Most optical PC drives and DVD
players can play VCDs.

WMV
The Windows Media Video format is a video codec from Microsoft. The coding is comparable
with the MPG-4 format. The copy DRM (Digital Rights Management) protection is also supported
by the WMV format.

If you are looking for Disc Burning terminology, visit this post.

Update your geek knowledge, Disc Burning terminology

Bridge Disc
A Bridge Disc is a variant of a CD-ROM that can be read from CD drives but also from CD-I devices such as a Photo CD for example. It is defined in the White Book Standard and contains extra information in an XA (Standard Architecture) track on the CD-ROM.

FAT
FAT (File Allocation Table) is a file system developed by Microsoft. The FAT 12, FAT 16 and FAT 32 file systems are used on all types of mobile storage media (e.g. USB sticks, memory
cards).

ISO 9660
The International Organization for Standardization defined the Universal Standard 9660 which determines the features of the CD. This format is platform-independent and can thus be read by computers with different operating systems. In order to ensure universal readability, the file names used should be as short as possible. (In a DOS environment no more than eight characters may be used).

Joliet
Joliet refers to an extension of the ISO-9660 standard for file names. Joliet was designed by Microsoft in order to represent more characters. The file name can be up to 64 characters long and contain the letters A-Z, a-z, umlauts and the ß.

Multisession Disc
A multisession disc can contain several sessions that are not fixed. This way, more data can be added in new sessions at a later point in time, and the disc is not closed until it is full.

NTFS
New Technology File System is a Windows file system. Its advantages include differentiated access and rights management, as well as defragmented data storage, which allows the processing speed to remain high.

Packet-writing
Packet-writing refers to a procedure for writing to optical media incrementally. An optical medium, e.g. a DVD, can be used as a hard drive as a result. This way, files can be copied, moved, changed, or erased on the respective optical medium.

UDF
The Universal Disc Format is a platform-independent file system. File names can be up to 255 characters long; 8 and 16 bit character sets are supported.

Using Nero RescueAgent to recover corrupt, deleted files and older file versions

If you have been searching how to recover corrupt or deleted files from your PC, this article might be useful to you and end your search here for Nero RescueAgent.

With Nero RescueAgent you can quickly and easily recover files from storage media, that, for instance, have been corrupted by scratches or cannot be read correctly due to ageing. The following storage media are supported by Nero RescueAgent.

CD
DVD
Hard drive
USB stick
Memory card
Floppy

For multisession disks and disks formatted for the UDF file system capable of packet writing, Nero RescueAgent also provides the option of recovering deleted files and older file versions.

Working with Nero RescueAgent
The Nero RescueAgent Assistant helps you to restore files in just a few steps.
The following individual steps are necessary.

Select storage medium and scan level.
Search storage medium for files that can be restored.
Select files to be restored and define storage location for files.
Start Restore
Save log file (optional)

Then you can either start a new scan, scan the storage medium again, restore files or end Nero RescueAgent.

Nero RescueAgent is a Nero AG product. To purchase Nero RescueAgent or read details about it visit the official Nero website www.nero.com.

Facebook Users Claim Content Victory

Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg says the social network will return to its previous terms of service regarding user data ownership in the face of a barrage of criticism and planned legal threats from privacy organisations.

A user group protesting the change has claimed victory over the changes, after more than 70,000 facebook users joined forces to voice their complaint. The issue comes down to a couple of alterations within the company's terms of use that, it would seem, gave Facebook eternal ownership of your personal content - even if you decide to delete your account.

“Victory! You spoke, and facebook listened," shouts the Facebook user group page.

In a blog today Facebook's Zuckerberg said the move was only temporary "while we resolve the issues that people have raised".

"A couple of weeks ago, we revised our terms of use hoping to clarify some parts for our users. Over the past couple of days, we received a lot of questions and comments about the changes and what they mean for people and their information. Based on this feedback, we have decided to return to our previous terms of use while we resolve the issues that people have raised.

"Many of us at Facebook spent most of today discussing how best to move forward. One approach would have been to quickly amend the new terms with new language to clarify our positions further. Another approach was simply to revert to our old terms while we begin working on our next version.

"We concluded that returning to our previous terms was the right thing for now. As I said yesterday, we think that a lot of the language in our terms is overly formal and protective so we don't plan to leave it there for long.

"More than 175 million people use Facebook. If it were a country, it would be the sixth most populated country in the world. Our terms aren't just a document that protect our rights; it's the governing document for how the service is used by everyone across the world. Given its importance, we need to make sure the terms reflect the principles and values of the people using the service.

"Our next version will be a substantial revision from where we are now. It will reflect the principles I described yesterday around how people share and control their information, and it will be written clearly in language everyone can understand. Since this will be the governing document that we'll all live by, Facebook users will have a lot of input in crafting these terms.

"You have my commitment that we'll do all of these things, but in order to do them right it will take a little bit of time. We expect to complete this in the next few weeks. In the meantime, we've changed the terms back to what existed before the February 4th change, which was what most people asked us for and was the recommendation of the outside experts we consulted."

The backlash against Facebook's updated privacy policies was about to expand. The Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) is preparing to file a formal complaint with the Federal Trade Commission over the social network's updated licenses, according to PC World.

The technology knowhow differences among DVD, VCD and SVCD

DVD, VCD, and SVCD There are several factors to consider in choosing an output format for your project. These include your desired output quality, target playback device, and viewing screen size, among others. Here are the advantages and disadvantages that picking each output format entails: Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) is popular in video production because of its quality. Not only does it guarantee superb audio and video quality, it can also hold several times more data than VCDs and SVCDs. DVDs make use of the MPEG-2 format, which has a much bigger file size than MPEG-1, and can likewise be produced as single or dual-sided, and single and dual-layered. They can be played on stand-alone DVD players or on the DVD-ROM drive of your PC. Video Compact Disc (VCD) is a special version of a CD-ROM that uses the MPEG-1 format. The quality of the exported movie is almost the same, but usually better than VHS tape-based movies. A VCD can be played back on a CD-ROM drive, VCD player, and even on a DVD player. Super Video CD (SVCD) is commonly described as an enhanced version of VCD. It is based on MPEG-2 technology with Variable Bit Rate (VBR) support. The typical running time of an SVCD is about 30-45 minutes. Although you could extend this to 70 minutes, you will have to compromise sound and image quality. SVCDs can be played back on stand-alone VCD/SVCD players, most DVD players, and all CD-ROM/DVD-ROM with a DVD/SVCD player software.

MIME Types - a brief intro

Mime types tell browsers how to handle specific extensions. For example, the text/html mime type equates to .htm, .html, and .shtml extensions on most servers, and this tells your browser to interpret all files with those extensions as HTML files. You can alter or add new mime types specifically for your site (note that you can not alter the system defined mime type values). MIME types are often used to handle new technologies as they appear. When WAP technology first appeared no one had these extensions set up on their server. With mime types, however, you could have set it up yourself and begun serving WAP pages immediately.

• User Defined Mime Types
• System Mime Types

Some System Mime Types

Mime Type	Extension(s)
application/vnd.accpac.simply.imp	imp
application/vnd.3gpp2.tcap	tcap
application/vnd.jam	jam
application/vnd.mophun.certificate	mpc
application/vnd.yamaha.hv-script	hvs
application/vnd.shana.informed.formtemplate	itp
application/vnd.mobius.mqy	mqy
application/vnd.intu.qbo	qbo
application/atom+xml	atom
application/pls+xml	pls
application/vnd.ms-powerpoint	ppt pps pot
application/vnd.shana.informed.formdata	ifm
application/vnd.crick.clicker	clkx
application/vnd.enliven	nml
application/vnd.ms-asf	asf
image/x-portable-pixmap	ppm
application/vnd.xara	xar
application/vnd.claymore	cla
audio/vnd.lucent.voice	lvp
application/andrew-inset	ez
image/x-pict	pic pct
application/vnd.kde.kspread	ksp
application/x-compress	.Z
text/tab-separated-values	tsv
application/vnd.medcalcdata	mc1
video/jpm	jpm jpgm
application/vnd.wt.stf	stf
application/x-ustar	ustar
application/vnd.xfdl	xfdl
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart	odc
text/x-java-source	java
application/vnd.ms-wpl	wpl
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet-template	ots
application/scvp-vp-response	spp
application/vnd.ms-lrm	lrm
application/vnd.ms-cab-compressed	cab
application/vnd.mobius.msl	msl
application/scvp-vp-request	spq
application/x-ace-compressed	ace
application/pkixcmp	pki
application/vnd.spotfire.sfs	sfs
video/quicktime	qt mov
video/mj2	mj2 mjp2
application/vnd.ezpix-package	ez3
image/x-pcx	pcx
chemical/x-cif	cif
application/x-mspublisher	pub
application/vnd.criticaltools.wbs+xml	wbs
application/smil+xml	smi smil
application/vnd.epson.esf	esf
text/html	.shtml .shtml html htm shtml
image/gif	gif
application/vnd.triscape.mxs	mxs
application/vnd.clonk.c4group	c4g c4d c4f c4p c4u
application/atomsvc+xml	atomsvc
application/x-chess-pgn	pgn
audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin	rmp
application/vnd.frogans.ltf	ltf
application/vnd.mobius.plc	plc
application/vnd.ibm.minipay	mpy
application/vnd.olpc-sugar	xo
application/vnd.pg.format	str
application/vnd.macports.portpkg	portpkg
application/octet-stream	bin dms lha lzh class so iso dmg dist distz pkg bpk dump elc
text/vnd.wap.wmlscript	.wmls wmls
application/x-stuffit	sit
application/vnd.businessobjects	rep
audio/vnd.nuera.ecelp9600	ecelp9600
application/vnd.lotus-approach	apr
application/vnd.kde.kword	kwd kwt
application/vnd.fujitsu.oasysgp	fg5
image/png	png
application/sdp	sdp
application/vnd.quark.quarkxpress	qxd qxt qwd qwt qxl qxb
application/vnd.novadigm.ext	ext
video/vnd.fvt	fvt
application/vnd.intu.qfx	qfx
application/vnd.lotus-freelance	pre
text/plain	txt text conf def list log in
image/ief	ief
video/mpeg	mpeg mpg mpe m1v m2v
application/x-httpd-php	php php3 php4 php5 php6
image/x-cmx	cmx
application/vnd.jisp	jisp
text/richtext	rtx
application/vnd.genomatix.tuxedo	txd
application/set-registration-initiation	setreg
model/iges	igs iges
model/vnd.gtw	gtw
chemical/x-pdb	pdb
text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor	jad
application/vnd.fuzzysheet	fzs
application/vnd.solent.sdkm+xml	sdkm sdkd
text/vnd.in3d.spot	spot
application/vnd.yellowriver-custom-menu	cmp
application/pkcs10	p10
application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3	123
application/vnd.lotus-organizer	org
application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml	kml
application/vnd.lotus-wordpro	lwp
application/mathematica	ma nb mb
model/mesh	msh mesh silo
application/x-msmetafile	wmf
video/x-ms-wm	wm
audio/x-ms-wma	wma
application/vnd.irepository.package+xml	irp
audio/vnd.digital-winds	eol
application/vnd.hhe.lesson-player	les
application/pkcs7-signature	p7s
application/vnd.visio	vsd vst vss vsw
video/x-ms-wvx	wvx
application/vnd.shana.informed.package	ipk
application/vnd.llamagraphics.life-balance.desktop	lbd
application/mxf	mxf
application/vnd.wap.wmlc	.wmlc wmlc
application/x-stuffitx	sitx
application/vnd.spotfire.dxp	dxp
application/x-pkcs7-crl	.crl
application/vnd.webturbo	wtb
chemical/x-cml	cml
application/wsdl+xml	wsdl
application/vnd.cosmocaller	cmc
application/vnd.ezpix-album	ez2
application/vnd.musician	mus
application/vnd.chipnuts.karaoke-mmd	mmd
application/vnd.vcx	vcx
application/xml-dtd	dtd
application/x-mswrite	wri
application/vnd.mseq	mseq
application/font-tdpfr	pfr
application/vnd.mfmp	mfm
application/vnd.pvi.ptid1	ptid
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation-template	otp
application/vnd.hp-hpgl	hpgl
application/x-pkcs12	p12 pfx
application/vnd.unity	unityweb
application/vnd.is-xpr	xpr
application/pgp-signature	asc sig
application/x-director	dcr dir dxr fgd
application/vnd.llamagraphics.life-balance.exchange+xml	lbe
application/xhtml+xml	xhtml xht
application/vnd.igloader	igl
application/vnd.ms-fontobject	eot
video/mp4	mp4 mp4v mpg4
application/vnd.sema	sema
application/vnd.hp-hps	hps
application/vnd.semd	semd
application/vnd.semf	semf
application/xv+xml	mxml xhvml xvml xvm
application/vnd.trueapp	tra
application/voicexml+xml	vxml
application/vnd.noblenet-directory	nnd
application/vnd.muvee.style	msty
image/vnd.net-fpx	npx
application/vnd.palm	prc pdb pqa oprc
application/vnd.dolby.mlp	mlp
application/pkix-pkipath	pkipath
application/vnd.hp-hpid	hpid
application/vnd.nokia.radio-preset	rpst
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics	odg
text/x-setext	etx
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation	odp
application/vnd.frogans.fnc	fnc
application/vnd.3gpp.pic-bw-large	plb
application/vnd.yamaha.smaf-phrase	spf
text/x-config	cnf conf
application/vnd.koan	skp skd skt skm
application/vnd.pg.osasli	ei6
application/davmount+xml	davmount
video/x-msvideo	avi
application/vnd.mcd	mcd
application/vnd.ipunplugged.rcprofile	rcprofile
text/x-c	c cc cxx cpp h hh dic
image/vnd.wap.wbmp	.wbmp wbmp
application/vnd.crick.clicker.wordbank	clkw
audio/vnd.nuera.ecelp4800	ecelp4800
image/vnd.fujixerox.edmics-mmr	mmr
chemical/x-csml	csml
application/x-x509-ca-cert	.crt der crt
application/vnd.oma.dd2+xml	dd2
application/pgp-encrypted	pgp
application/vnd.tao.intent-module-archive	tao
application/vnd.immervision-ivp	ivp
application/vnd.eszigno3+xml	es3 et3
application/vnd.fujixerox.ddd	ddd
application/vnd.kde.kchart	chrt
image/x-xbitmap	xbm
image/vnd.djvu	djvu djv
application/vnd.3gpp.pic-bw-small	psb
application/vnd.immervision-ivu	ivu
application/vnd.proteus.magazine	mgz
application/vnd.adobe.xdp+xml	xdp
image/x-rgb	rgb
message/rfc822	eml mime
application/vnd.groove-tool-message	gtm
application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys	oas
application/rls-services+xml	rs
application/rdf+xml	rdf
application/vnd.lotus-screencam	scm
application/vnd.umajin	umj
application/vnd.mediastation.cdkey	cdkey
application/wspolicy+xml	wspolicy
application/vnd.accpac.simply.aso	aso
application/vnd.fujitsu.oasysprs	bh2
application/x-bittorrent	torrent
application/pics-rules	prf
application/vnd.crick.clicker.keyboard	clkk
application/vnd.simtech-mindmapper	twd twds
application/vnd.osgi.dp	dp
application/pkix-crl	crl
application/x-pkcs7-certificates	p7b spc
application/vnd.kenameaapp	htke
application/x-futuresplash	spl
application/vnd.epson.ssf	ssf
application/xslt+xml	xslt
application/vnd.epson.quickanime	qam
application/mac-binhex40	hqx
image/vnd.ms-modi	mdi
application/vnd.epson.salt	slt
application/x-ms-wmd	wmd
text/x-pascal	p pas
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-web	oth
image/vnd.fastbidsheet	fbs
application/vnd.nokia.n-gage.data	ngdat
application/vnd.novadigm.edm	edm
chemical/x-cmdf	cmdf
application/vnd.ufdl	ufd ufdl
text/x-vcalendar	vcs
application/x-httpd-php-source	phps
application/vnd.rn-realmedia	rm
application/vnd.novadigm.edx	edx
application/x-ms-wmz	wmz
application/vnd.micrografx.flo	flo
video/x-fli	fli
application/vnd.openofficeorg.extension	oxt
application/vnd.lotus-notes	nsf
application/vnd.mobius.mbk	mbk
application/x-hdf	hdf
application/x-msmoney	mny
application/resource-lists+xml	rl
audio/wav	wav
image/x-icon	ico
application/vnd.groove-help	ghf
application/vnd.syncml.dm+wbxml	bdm
application/perl	pl plx ppl perl pm
application/vnd.visionary	vis
application/vnd.fluxtime.clip	ftc
application/vnd.anser-web-funds-transfer-initiation	fti
application/vnd.trid.tpt	tpt
application/x-csh	csh
application/vnd.syncml.dm+xml	xdm
image/svg+xml	svg svgz
application/x-msschedule	scd
application/vnd.kde.kontour	kon
application/vnd.ms-artgalry	cil
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image	odi
application/marc	mrc
application/vnd.google-earth.kmz	kmz
x-conference/x-cooltalk	ice
application/vnd.joost.joda-archive	joda
application/vnd.kahootz	ktz ktr
application/x-wais-source	src
application/vnd.mif	mif
application/mathml+xml	mathml
application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys2	oa2
application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys3	oa3
application/vnd.uoml+xml	uoml
application/mbox	mbox
application/vnd.shana.informed.interchange	iif
application/vnd.yamaha.hv-dic	hvd
application/vnd.hp-pclxl	pclxl
application/reginfo+xml	rif
application/vnd.svd	svd
image/vnd.xiff	xif
video/3gpp	3gp
application/vnd.3m.post-it-notes	pwn
application/vnd.hbci	hbci
application/set-payment-initiation	setpay
application/rtf	rtf
application/x-tar	.tgz tar
image/x-xwindowdump	xwd
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-template	ott
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart-template	otc
application/vnd.mobius.daf	daf
application/vnd.flographit	gph
video/jpeg	jpgv
audio/x-mpegurl	m3u
text/uri-list	uri uris urls
video/h261	h261
application/vnd.data-vision.rdz	rdz
application/vnd.nokia.radio-presets	rpss
video/h263	h263
video/h264	h264
application/x-msmediaview	mvb m13 m14
application/vnd.noblenet-sealer	nns
application/vnd.ms-ims	ims
image/x-portable-bitmap	pbm
application/vnd.acucorp	atc acutc
application/json	json
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-master	otm
application/x-msclip	clp
application/vnd.bmi	bmi
application/vnd.hp-pcl	pcl
application/vnd.crick.clicker.template	clkt
model/vnd.vtu	vtu
application/vnd.micrografx.igx	igx
application/vnd.dreamfactory	dfac
application/x-tcl	tcl
model/vnd.gdl	gdl
application/vnd.fsc.weblaunch	fsc
application/vnd.ms-works	wps wks wcm wdb
text/x-sql	sql
application/vnd.kde.karbon	karbon
application/vnd.3gpp.pic-bw-var	pvb
image/jpeg	jpeg jpg jpe
text/x-uuencode	uu
application/vnd.jcp.javame.midlet-rms	rms
application/x-sh	sh
image/cgm	cgm
application/vnd.cinderella	cdy
application/rss+xml	rss
application/vnd.ctc-posml	pml
application/javascript	js
application/vnd.smaf	mmf
text/css	css
application/vnd.noblenet-web	nnw
text/csv	csv
application/x-gzip	.gz .tgz
chemical/x-xyz	xyz
application/vnd.seemail	see
application/srgs+xml	grxml
image/x-portable-anymap	pnm
audio/mpeg	mpga mp2 mp2a mp3 m2a m3a
application/vnd.uiq.theme	utz
application/vnd.publishare-delta-tree	qps
application/cgi	cgi
application/ccxml+xml	ccxml
application/scvp-cv-response	scs
application/vnd.denovo.fcselayout-link	fe_launch
application/vnd.mophun.application	mpn
application/sbml+xml	sbml
text/vnd.in3d.3dml	3dml
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula-template	otf
text/vnd.wap.wml	.wml wml
image/x-cmu-raster	ras
image/vnd.fpx	fpx
application/x-cdlink	vcd
application/vnd.fdf	fdf
application/vnd.groove-account	gac
application/vnd.intercon.formnet	xpw xpx
application/vnd.yamaha.hv-voice	hvp
application/x-tex	tex
application/x-rar-compressed	rar
application/x-dvi	dvi
application/x-bzip	bz
application/vnd.nokia.n-gage.symbian.install	n-gage
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image-template	oti
application/vnd.neurolanguage.nlu	nlu
application/xenc+xml	xenc
application/relax-ng-compact-syntax	rnc
application/x-mscardfile	crd
application/vnd.sus-calendar	sus susp
image/vnd.dwg	dwg
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text	odt
application/vnd.yamaha.smaf-audio	saf
application/x-bzip2	bz2 boz
application/vnd.audiograph	aep
video/3gpp2	3g2
application/oda	oda
application/x-msbinder	obd
application/prs.cww	cww
model/vnd.mts	mts
application/vnd.vsf	vsf
application/vnd.ms-htmlhelp	chm
image/bmp	bmp
image/vnd.dxf	dxf
application/vnd.pocketlearn	plf
application/vnd.kde.kformula	kfo
application/hyperstudio	stk
application/vnd.dpgraph	dpg
application/vnd.previewsystems.box	box
application/vnd.antix.game-component	atx
application/vnd.amiga.ami	ami
application/vnd.tmobile-livetv	tmo
application/vnd.kde.kpresenter	kpr kpt
application/vnd.ecowin.chart	mag
application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks	xdw
application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc	.wmlsc wmlsc
audio/vnd.nuera.ecelp7470	ecelp7470
application/vnd.wqd	wqd
application/vnd.syncml+xml	xsm
text/x-registry	reg
video/vnd.mpegurl	mxu m4u
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet	ods
image/x-xpixmap	xpm
application/xop+xml	xop
application/vnd.apple.installer+xml	mpkg
image/vnd.fujixerox.edmics-rlc	rlc
application/vnd.handheld-entertainment+xml	zmm
application/vnd.blueice.multipass	mpm
application/x-msdownload	exe dll com bat msi
image/vnd.fst	fst
text/vbscript	vbs
application/vnd.groove-identity-message	gim
image/g3fax	g3
text/vnd.fly	fly
text/troff	t tr roff man me ms
application/x-msaccess	mdb
audio/basic	au snd
application/vnd.mozilla.xul+xml	xul
application/x-sv4cpio	sv4cpio
application/x-gtar	gtar
audio/x-aiff	aif aiff aifc
application/pkix-cert	cer
audio/x-ms-wax	wax
application/vnd.kde.kivio	flw
application/vnd.contact.cmsg	cdbcmsg
application/x-bcpio	bcpio
application/vnd.acucobol	acu
application/sparql-query	rq
application/x-sv4crc	sv4crc
application/vnd.dna	dna
application/vnd.grafeq	gqf gqs
application/pdf	pdf
application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks.binder	xbd
text/x-vcard	vcf
application/ogg	ogg
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula	odf
application/vnd.crick.clicker.palette	clkp
application/x-netcdf	nc cdf
application/vnd.hp-jlyt	jlt
application/x-texinfo	texinfo texi
application/vnd.wordperfect	wpd
application/vnd.mobius.dis	dis
application/vnd.epson.msf	msf
application/sparql-results+xml	srx
application/vnd.zzazz.deck+xml	zaz
application/vnd.wap.wbxml	wbxml
application/vnd.ibm.secure-container	sc
text/x-fortran	f for f77 f90
text/x-log	log
application/vnd.groove-vcard	vcg
application/x-latex	latex
application/vnd.picsel	efif
application/x-img	img
application/vnd.mobius.txf	txf
application/rsd+xml	rsd
application/vnd.hzn-3d-crossword	x3d
application/mp4	mp4s
application/x-chat	chat
application/xspf+xml	xspf
application/ecmascript	ecma
audio/x-pn-realaudio	ram ra
text/prs.lines.tag	dsc
video/x-ms-wmv	wmv
video/x-ms-wmx	wmx
image/tiff	tiff tif
application/ruby	rb
application/atomcat+xml	atomcat
application/vnd.adobe.xfdf	xfdf
application/xml	xml xsl
image/x-portable-graymap	pgm
text/calendar	ics ifb
application/vnd.framemaker	fm frame maker
application/x-shockwave-flash	swf
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics-template	otg
application/mediaservercontrol+xml	mscml
image/vnd.adobe.photoshop	psd
video/x-sgi-movie	movie
application/x-cpio	cpio
application/x-msterminal	trm
application/winhlp	hlp
application/vnd.ms-project	mpp mpt
application/vnd.chemdraw+xml	cdxml
chemical/x-cdx	cdx
application/x-pkcs7-certreqresp	p7r
text/sgml	sgml sgm
application/vnd.curl	curl
application/vnd.recordare.musicxml	mxl
application/vnd.ibm.modcap	afp listafp list3820
application/vnd.groove-injector	grv
application/msword	doc dot
application/vnd.kidspiration	kia
application/scvp-cv-request	scq
text/x-asm	s asm
application/x-shar	shar
audio/mp4	mp4a m4p m4a mp4
application/vnd.ms-xpsdocument	xps
model/vnd.dwf	dwf
video/x-ms-asf	asf asx
application/mac-compactpro	cpt
application/ssml+xml	ssml
application/pkcs7-mime	p7m p7c
application/vnd.kinar	kne knp
application/shf+xml	shf
audio/midi	mid midi kar rmi
application/srgs	gram
application/vnd.groove-tool-template	tpl
application/vnd.ibm.rights-management	irm
application/vnd.powerbuilder6	pbd
model/vrml	wrl vrml
application/vnd.ms-excel	xls xlm xla xlc xlt xlw
application/vnd.mfer	mwf
application/postscript	ai eps ps
application/vnd.cups-ppd	ppd
application/zip	zip
image/prs.btif	btif
application/vnd.commonspace	csp cst
audio/x-wav	wav
video/vnd.vivo	viv
application/vnd.anser-web-certificate-issue-initiation	cii
text/vnd.fmi.flexstor	flx

 

What Are Mime Types?

MIME Types tell browsers how to handle specific file extensions. For example, the text/html MIME Types equates to .htm, .html, and .shtml extensions on most servers, telling your browser to interpret all files with those extensions as HTML files. You can alter or add new MIME Types specifically for your site (Note: You cannot alter the system defined MIME Types values). MIME Types are often used to handle new technologies as they appear.

Mime Types can be compared to file extensions on your computer operating system. File extensions tell the operating system how to handle the file and what to open, run or view the file with. However, in the case of Mime Types, it tells the web server that is hosting the file what type of file it is and what to use to open, run or view the file with. Sometimes within the users web browser or e-mail application.

Why Would I Add More Mime Types?

In some instances you may have a file that is not already recognized by the web server. This in turn would mean that the web server will not know how to serve this file to the user. This can result in unexpected behavior. Adding a file extension relationship to a Mime Type will identify that type of file to the web server and what the web server should use so that the user can open, run or view the file on the web server through the application (such as a web browser).

What Kind of Files Do We Mean?

Some examples of Mime Types once they are added are:

Mime Type	File Extension(s)
image/jpeg	jpeg jpg jpe
video/mpeg	mpeg mpg mpe
audio/mpeg	mpga mp2 mp3

How To Easily Remove the MonaRonaDona 'Virus'

The MonaRonaDona Trojan is designed to scam infected users into shelling out $40 for a bogus scanner dubbed Unigray Antivirus. The scammers completed the hoax by positioning several forum posts from alleged victims touting the bogus Unigray Antivirus as a miracle cure for the MonaRonaDona 'virus'. In reality, removal is very simple and requires absolutely no tools, nor parting with any of your hard-earned cash. Just boot into safe mode and follow the directions below. Original Article here

Difficulty: Easy

Time Required: 15 minutes

Here's How To Easily Remove the MonaRonaDona 'Virus':

1. If you haven't already done so, boot into safe mode.

2. Search for and delete the following folder, if found:

   C:\Program Files\UniGray Antivirus

   You may also wish to delete the following:

   C:\Program Files\RegistryCleanFix2008

3. Search the global startup folder for the following file and delete the file if found:

   SRVSPOOL.EXE

   By default, the global startup folder location is
   C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Start Menu\Programs\Startup

4. Click Start, click Run, type REGEDIT, and click OK. The Registry Editor will now open.

   Note: To avoid unwanted page wrapping, the following abbreviations are used in the steps below:

   HKCU = HKEY_CURRENT_USER
   HKLM = HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE

5. To fix the title bar changes to Internet Explorer and Outlook Express caused by MonaRonaDona, browse to the following keys and delete the values indicated:

   HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Main
   Delete value: Window Title

   HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Main
   Delete value: Window Title

   HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Outlook Express
   Delete value: WindowTitle

6. To regain access to Task Manager, which was disabled by MonaRonaDona, browse to the following keys and delete the values indicated:

   HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System
   Delete value: DisableTaskMgr

   HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System
   Delete value: DisableTaskMgr

7. You may also wish to delete the following:

   HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
   Delete value: RegistryCleanFixMFC

8. Close the Registry editor by choosing File | Exit

9. Reboot the computer normally. The system should now be free of the MonaRonaDona 'virus' and the system changes made by the Trojan should now be reversed.

For begineers: How to Edit the System Registry & Windows System Registry Tutorial by About.com.

How To View Hidden Files and Folders

By default, Windows does not display hidden files and folders. Virus writers often take advantage of this, by dropping hidden files to the system that the casual user can't see. Though the default isn't technically a rootkit, for the inexperienced computer user it can have the same effect. Here's how to change the default settings in Windows so you can view hidden files and folders.

 

Difficulty: Easy

Time Required: 5 minutes

Here's How To View Hidden Files and Folders:

1. Windows XP, 2000 users: To begin, double-click the My Computer icon on the desktop, then skip to Step 4.
2. Windows Vista users: Click Start, then Control Panel. Click "Appearance and Personalization" then click the Folder Options icon and skip to Step 5.
3. Windows ME, NT, 98, and 95 users: To begin, double-click the My Computer icon on the desktop, then skip to Step 6.
4. Windows 2000 and XP users: Click Tools | Folder Options | View then skip to Step 7.
5. Windows Vista: Click View then skip to Step 7.
6. Windows ME/95/98/NT: Click View | Options | View
7. Under Hidden files and folders, select "Show hidden files and folders"
8. Now close the dialog boxes you have opened to perform this task. You should now be able to view hidden files and folders on the system. Note that this change may cause the hidden (and legitimate) file 'desktop.ini' to appear on the desktop.

Country Code for TV Tuner

ac
Ascension Island 247

ad
Andorra (UN) 376

ae
United Arab Emirates (formerly Trucial Coast) (UN) 971

af
Afghanistan (UN) 93

ag
Antigua and Barbuda (UN) 1268

ai
Anguilla 1264

al
Albania (UN) 355

am
Armenia (Hayastan) () (UN) 374

an
Netherlands Antilles (part of NL) 599

ao
Angola (UN) 244

aq
Antarctica 672

ar
Argentina (UN) 54

as
American Samoa 684

at
Austria (UN) 43

au
Australia (UN) 61

aw
Aruba (seceded from NL) 297

az
Azerbaijan () (UN) 994

dz
Algeria (UN) 213

ba
Bosnia and Herzegovina () (UN) 387

bb
Barbados (UN) 1246

bd
Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) (UN) 880

be
Belgium (UN) 32

bf
Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) (UN) 226

bg
Bulgaria (UN) 359

bh
Bahrain (once Dilmun) (UN) 973

bi
Burundi (formerly part of Ruanda-Urundi, formerly German East Africa) (UN) 257

bj
Benin (UN) 229

bm
Bermuda 1441

bn
Brunei Darussalam (UN) 673

bo
Bolivia (UN) 591

br
Brazil (UN) 55

bs
Bahamas (UN) 1242

bt
Bhutan (UN) 975

bv
Bouvet Island

bw
Botswana (formerly Bechuanaland) (UN) 267

by
Belarus () (once White Russia) (UN) 375

bz
Belize (formerly British Honduras) (UN) 501

io
British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Islands) 246

vg
British Virgin Islands 1284

ca
Canada (UN) 1

cc
Cocos Islands (Keeling) 61,672

cd
Congo, Democratic People's Republic (formerly ZR) (formerly Belgian Congo) (UN) 243

cf
Central African Republic (formerly Ubangi-Shari) (UN) 236

cg
Congo, Republic of (once French Congo) (UN) 242

ch
Switzerland (Schweiz in German) 41

ci
Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) (UN) 225

ck
Cook Islands 682

cl
Chile (UN) 56

cm
Cameroon (UN) 237

cn
China (UN) 86

co
Colombia (UN) 57

cr
Costa Rica (UN) 506

cs
Czechoslovakia (now CZ and SK) 42

cu
Cuba (UN) 53

cv
Cape Verde Islands (UN) 238

cx
Christmas Island 61,672

cy
Cyprus (UN) 357

cz
Czech Republic (formerly part of CS) (UN) 420

kh
Cambodia (formerly Kampuchea) (UN) 855

ky
Cayman Islands 1345

td
Chad (Tchad) (UN) 235

km
Comoros Islands (UN) 269

hr
Croatia (Hrvatska) () (UN) 385

dd
German Democratic Republic (East Germany) (now Germany) 49

de
Deutschland (Germany) (formerly East and West Germany) (UN) 49

dj
Djibouti (formerly Afars and Issas) (UN) 253

dk
Denmark (UN) 45

dm
Dominica (UN) 1767

do
Dominican Republic (UN) 1809

dz
Algeria (UN) 213

ec
Ecuador (UN) 593

ee
Estonia () (UN) 372

eg
Egypt (UN) 20

eh
Western Sahara (disputed by MA) (formerly Spanish Sahara) 212

er
Eritrea (once part of ET) (UN) 291

es
España (Spain) (UN) 34

et
Ethiopia (ancient Abyssinia) (UN) 251

tp
East Timor (disputed by ID) 670

sv
El Salvador (UN) 503

gq
Equatorial Guinea (formerly Spanish Guinea) (UN) 240

fi
Finland (UN) 358

fj
Fiji (UN) 679

fk
Falkland Islands (formerly Malvinas) 500

fm
Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands) (UN) 691

fo
Faroe Islands 298

fr
France (UN) 33

fx
France, Metropolitan (i.e. European) 33

gf
French Guiana 594

pf
French Polynesia (formerly Oceania) 689

tf
French Southern Territories

ga
Gabon (UN) 241

gb
Great Britain (ISO3166 only) 44

gd
Grenada (UN) 1473

ge
Georgia () (UN) 995

gf
Guiana, French 594

gg
Guernsey (Channel Island) 44

gh
Ghana (UN) 233

gi
Gibraltar 350

gl
Greenland 299

gm
Gambia, The (UN) 220

gn
Guinea (formerly French Guinea) (UN) 224

gp
Guadeloupe 590

gq
Guinea, Equatorial (formerly Spanish Guinea) (UN) 240

gr
Greece (UN) 30

gs
Georgia, South, and The South Sandwich Islands

gt
Guatemala (UN) 502

gu
Guam 1671

gw
Guinea-Bissau (formerly Portuguese Guinea) (UN) 245

gy
Guyana (formerly British Guiana) (UN) 592

dd
German Democratic Republic (East Germany) (now Germany) 49

de
Germany (Deutschland) (formerly East and West Germany) (UN) 49

hk
Hong Kong (administration of CN) 852

hm
Heard and McDonald Islands

hn
Honduras (UN) 504

hr
Hrvatska (Croatia) () (UN) 385

ht
Haiti (UN) 509

hu
Hungary (Magyarorsz¨¢g) (UN) 36

va
Holy See (Vatican City State) 379

id
Indonesia (UN) 62

ie
Ireland (Eire) (UN) 353

il
Israel (formerly Palestine) (ancient Canaan) (UN) 972

im
Isle of Man 44

in
India (UN) 91

io
Indian Ocean Territory, British (Chagos Islands) 246

iq
Iraq (ancient Mesopotamia) (UN) 964

ir
Iran (ancient Persia) (UN) 98

is
Iceland (UN) 354

it
Italy (ancient center of Roman Empire) (UN) 39

ci
Ivory Coast (Côte D'Ivoire) (UN) 225

je
Jersey (Channel Island) 44

jm
Jamaica (UN) 1876

jo
Jordan (formerly Transjordan) (UN) 962

jp
Japan (Nippon) (UN) 81

ke
Kenya (UN) 254

kg
Kyrgyzstan () (UN) 996

kh
Kampuchea (now Cambodia) (UN) 855

ki
Kiribati (UN) 686

km
Comoros Islands (UN) 269

kn
Saint Kitts and Nevis (UN) 1869

kp
Korea, North (Democratic People's Republic of) (UN) 850

kr
Korea, South (Republic of) (UN) 82

kw
Kuwait (UN) 965

ky
Cayman Islands 1345

kz
Kazakhstan () (UN) 7

la
Laos (UN) 856

lb
Lebanon (UN) 961

lc
Lucia, Saint (UN) 1758

li
Liechtenstein (UN) 41

lk
Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) (UN) 94

lr
Liberia (UN) 231

ls
Lesotho (formerly Basutoland) (UN) 266

lt
Lithuania () (UN) 370

lu
Luxembourg (UN) 352

lv
Latvia () (UN) 371

ly
Libya (UN) 218

ma
Morocco (UN) 212

mc
Monaco (UN) 377

md
Moldova () (once part of RO) (UN) 373

mg
Madagascar (UN) 261

mh
Marshall Islands (UN) 692

mk
Macedonia () (UN) 389

ml
Mali (formerly French Sudan) (UN) 223

mm
Myanmar (formerly Burma) (UN) 95

mn
Mongolia (UN) 976

mo
Macau 853

mp
Mariana Islands, Northern 1670

mq
Martinique 596

mr
Mauritania (UN) 222

ms
Montserrat 1664

mt
Malta (UN) 356

mu
Mauritius (UN) 230

mv
Maldives (UN) 960

mw
Malawi (formerly Nyasaland) (UN) 265

mx
Mexico (UN) 52

my
Malaysia (UN) 60

mz
Mozambique (UN) 258

yt
Mayotte Island 269

fm
Micronesia (Caroline Islands) (UN) 691

na
Namibia (formerly South-West Africa) (UN) 264

nc
New Caledonia 687

ne
Niger (UN) 227

nf
Norfolk Island 672

ng
Nigeria (UN) 234

ni
Nicaragua (UN) 505

nl
Netherlands (formerly Holland) (UN) 31

no
Norway (UN) 47

np
Nepal (UN) 977

nr
Nauru (UN) 674

nt
Neutral Zone (IQ and SA border)

nu
Niue 683

nz
New Zealand (UN) 64

an
Netherlands Antilles (part of NL) 599

mp
Northern Mariana Islands 1670

om
Oman (formerly Muscat and Oman) (UN) 968

pa
Panama (UN) 507

pc
Pacific Islands Trust Territory (now FM, MH, GU, PW)

pe
Peru (UN) 51

pf
Polynesia, French (formerly Oceania) 689

pg
Papua New Guinea (UN) 675

ph
Philippines (UN) 63

pk
Pakistan (once part of India) (UN) 92

pl
Poland (UN) 48

pm
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 508

pn
Pitcairn Island 872

pr
Puerto Rico 1787

ps
Palestinian Territories (West Bank, Gaza Strip) (disputed by IL) 970

pt
Portugal (UN) 351

pw
Palau (UN) 680

py
Paraguay (UN) 595

qa
Qatar (UN) 974

re
R¨¦union Island 262

ro
Romania (UN) 40

ru
Russia () (UN) 7

rw
Rwanda (formerly part of Ruanda-Urundi, German East Africa) (UN) 250

sa
Saudi Arabia (UN) 966

sb
Solomon Islands (UN) 677

sc
Seychelles (UN) 248

sd
Sudan (UN) 249

se
Sweden (UN) 46

sg
Singapore (UN) 65

sh
Saint Helena 290

si
Slovenia () (UN) 386

sj
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands 79

sk
Slovakia (formerly part of CS) (UN) 421

sl
Sierra Leone (UN) 232

sm
San Marino (UN) 378

sn
Senegal (UN) 221

so
Somalia (UN) 252

sr
Suriname (UN) 597

st
São Tom¨¦ and Pr¨ªncipe (UN) 239

su
Soviet Union (USSR, now 15 separate republics) 7

sv
El Salvador (UN) 503

sy
Syria (UN) 963

sz
Swaziland (UN) 268

kn
Saint Kitts and Nevis (UN) 1869

lc
Saint Lucia (UN) 1758

pm
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 508

vc
Saint Vincent and The Grenadines (UN) 1784

ws
Samoa (formerly Western Samoa) (UN) 685

za
South Africa (Zuid Africa) (UN) 27

gs
South Georgia and The South Sandwich Islands

es
Spain (España) (UN) 34

lk
Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) (UN) 94

ch
Switzerland (Schweiz in German) 41

tc
Turks and Caicos Islands 1649

td
Tchad (Chad) (UN) 235

tf
French Southern Territories

tg
Togo (formerly French Togoland) (UN) 228

th
Thailand (ancient Siam) (UN) 66

tj
Tajikistan () (UN) 992

tk
Tokelau 690

tm
Turkmenistan () (UN) 993

tn
Tunisia (UN) 216

to
Tonga (UN) 676

tp
East Timor (disputed by ID) 670

tr
Turkey (once center of Ottoman Empire) (ancient Anatolia) (UN) 90

tt
Trinidad and Tobago (UN) 1868

tv
Tuvalu (formerly Ellice Islands) (UN) 688

tw
Taiwan (disputed by CN) 886

tz
Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika and Zanzibar) (UN) 255,259

ua
Ukraine () (UN) 380

ug
Uganda (UN) 256

uk
United Kingdom (Great Britain and Northern Ireland) (UN) 44

um
US Minor Outlying Islands (Midway, Wake, etc.) 808

us
United States (UN) 1

uy
Uruguay (UN) 598

uz
Uzbekistan () (UN) 998

vi
US Virgin Islands 1340

su
USSR (Soviet Union, now 15 separate republics) 7

ae
United Arab Emirates (formerly Trucial Coast) (UN) 971

va
Vatican City State (Holy See) 379

vc
Saint Vincent and The Grenadines (UN) 1784

ve
Venezuela (UN) 58

vg
Virgin Islands, British 1284

vi
Virgin Islands, US 1340

vn
Viet Nam (formerly North and South Vietnam) (UN) 84

vu
Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides) (UN) 678

wf
Wallis and Futuna Islands 681

ws
Western Samoa (now Samoa) (UN) 685

eh
Western Sahara (disputed by MA) (formerly Spanish Sahara) 212

ye
Yemen (UN) 967

yt
Mayotte Island 269

yu
Yugoslavia ((Serbia and Montenegro)) (formerly included BA, HR, MK, SI) (UN) 381

za
Zuid Africa (South Africa) (UN) 27

zm
Zambia (formerly Northern Rhodesia) (UN) 260

zr
Zaire (now CD) 243

zw
Zimbabwe (formerly Southern Rhodesia) (UN) 263

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